Medical Disclaimer.

The information shared on this website, on Dr Carra's YouTube channel and social media, and on The Paws & Effect Podcast is for general educational purposes. It is not a diagnosis, a treatment plan or a substitute for an examination by a veterinarian who knows your animal.

If your pet is unwell, in pain, deteriorating or showing emergency signs, contact a veterinary professional promptly. Do not delay care because of something you have read or watched here. Emergency signs include, but are not limited to, difficulty breathing, collapse, repeated vomiting, straining to urinate without producing urine, severe bleeding, seizures, suspected poisoning, or a sudden inability to move normally.

Recommendations may differ according to the individual animal, its history, local disease risks and the products and services available in your country. A treatment or diet that is right for one animal may be wrong for another.

Never give your pet a human medicine, a supplement or a product intended for another species unless a veterinarian who knows the case has told you to. Several common human medicines are toxic to dogs and cats.

Articles carry the date they were published and, once Dr Carra has completed her clinical read, the date they were last reviewed. Content is corrected when the evidence changes; if you notice something that looks out of date, please tell us through the Contact page.

Last updated: 16 September 2026.